Olav V of Norway
| Olav V | |
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| Reign | 21 September 1957 - 17 January 1991 (33 years, 118 days) |
| Consecration | 22 June 1958 (aged 54)[1] |
| Predecessor | Haakon VII |
| Successor | Harald V |
| Spouse | Princess Märtha of Sweden |
| Issue | |
| Princess Ragnhild Princess Astrid Harald V of Norway |
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| Full name | |
| Olav, né Alexander Edward Christian Frederik | |
| House | House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg |
| Father | Haakon VII of Norway |
| Mother | Maud of Wales |
| Born | 2 July 1903 Sandringham Estate, Norfolk, England |
| Died | 17 January 1991 (aged 87) Holmenkollen, Oslo, Norway |
| Burial | 30 January 1991 Akershus Castle, Oslo |
| Medal record | ||
|---|---|---|
| Olympic Games | ||
| Sailing | ||
| Gold | 1928 Amsterdam | Sailing 6 m mixed |
Olav V (2 July 1903 – 17 January 1991) was the king of Norway from 1957 until his death.
A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Olav was born in the United Kingdom as the son of Prince Carl of Denmark and Princess Maud of the United Kingdom and given the names Alexander Edward Christian Frederik. He became Crown Prince and only heir to the throne of Norway when his father was elected king in 1905. He was the first heir to the Norwegian throne to be brought up in Norway since Olav IV, and his parents made sure he was given as Norwegian an upbringing as possible. In preparation for his royal duties, he attended both civilian and military schools. In 1929, he married his first and second cousin Princess Märtha of Sweden. During World War II his leadership was much appreciated and he was appointed Norwegian Chief of Defence in 1944. Succeeding to the throne in 1957, he enjoyed a very high level of popularity and respect throughout his reign, in which he was able to balance regality and approachability. Upon his death in 1991, the Norwegian public displayed a great demonstration of mourning. At his death, he was the last surviving grandchild of Edward VII of the United Kingdom and Alexandra of Denmark.
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Birth and early life
Born in Appleton House, Flitcham, Sandringham estate, Norfolk, United Kingdom to Prince Carl of Denmark and Princess Maud of Wales, (daughter of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom), he was given the names and title of Alexander Edward Christian Frederik, Prince of Denmark. He was given the name Olav when his father became King Haakon VII of Norway in 1905.[2]
Olav was the first heir to the throne since medieval times to grow up in Norway. He graduated from the Norwegian Military Academy in 1924, and went on to study jurisprudence and economics at Balliol College, Oxford.
He was an accomplished athlete. Olav jumped from the Holmenkollen ski jump in Oslo, and also competed in sailing regattas. He won a gold medal in sailing at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam and remained an active sailor into old age.
On 21 March 1929 in Oslo, he married his first cousin Princess Märtha of Sweden with whom he had one son, Harald, and two daughters, Ragnhild and Astrid. As exiles during World War II, Crown Princess Märtha and the Royal children lived in Washington, D.C., where she struck up a close friendship with Franklin D. Roosevelt. She died in 1954, before her husband ascended the throne.
The British Film Institute houses an early film, made in 1913, in which a miniature car commissioned by Queen Alexandra for the Crown Prince Olav tows a procession of Londoners through the streets of the capital, before being delivered to a pair of 'royal testers' of roughly Olav's age.[3]
World War II
As Crown Prince, Olav had received extensive military training and had participated in most major Norwegian military exercises. Because of this he was perhaps one of the most knowledgeable Norwegian military leaders and was respected by other Allied leaders for his knowledge and leadership skills. During a visit to the United States before the war, he and his wife had established a close relationship with President Roosevelt. These factors would prove to be important for the Norwegian fight against the attacking German forces.
During World War II, Olav stood by his father's side in resisting the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany. During the campaign he was a valuable advisor both to civilian and military leaders. When the Norwegian government decided to go into exile, he offered to stay behind with the Norwegian people, but this was declined. He followed his father to the United Kingdom, where he continued to be a key advisor to the government-in-exile and his father.
During the war, Olav made several visits to Norwegian and Allied troops in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. In 1944, he was appointed to the post of Norwegian Chief of Defence and after the war he led the Norwegian disarmament of the German occupying forces. His war decorations from other nations, including the War Crosses of Norway, France, Greece and the Netherlands, the US Legion of Merit and the French Médaille Militaire, are testament to the international recognition of his contribution to the war against Hitler.
Reign
Succeeding to the Norwegian Throne in 1957 upon his father's death, Olav reigned as a "People's King," and became extremely popular. He liked to drive his own cars, and would drive in the public lanes, though as a monarch he was allowed to drive in public transport lanes. During the 1973 energy crisis driving was banned on certain weekends. King Olav never wanted to miss an opportunity to go skiing, and while he could have driven legally, he wanted to lead by example. So he dressed up in his skiing outfit, and boarded the Holmenkollbanen suburban railway carrying his skis on his shoulder. Famously, he also attempted to pay for the ride, but the conductor informed him that someone in the back had already paid his ticket.[4] He was later asked how he dared to go out in public without bodyguards. He replied that he had 4 million bodyguards—the entire population of Norway.
For his athletic ability and role as King, Olav V earned the Holmenkollen medal in 1968. He had a strong interest in military matters and took his role as titular Commander-in-Chief very seriously. As well as his ceremonial roles in the Norwegian Army, he also served as Colonel-in-Chief of the Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Yorkshire Regiment), the British regiment named for his grandmother Queen Alexandra.
The King represented Norway extensively abroad during his reign, conducting state visits to both neighbouring countries and more distant destinations such as Ethiopia.
King Olav V opened the 14th World Scout Jamboree in July 1975 in the presence of 17,259 Scouts from 94 countries.
During the summer of 1990, the King suffered from health problems, but recovered somewhat during Christmas the same year. An interview given by King Harald V, and hints in a biography by the retired politician Jo Benkow, mentions the possibility that King Olav suffered a great trauma during the outbreak of the first Gulf War 17 January 1991. He collapsed during the day and died in the evening of a myocardial infarction. His son claimed that Olav relived the events of the Second World War, which he himself had experienced (the Nazi occupation of Norway), and really believed that the transmitted messages from the new war foreboded World War III. This, he could not bear.
The night after he died (at the Royal Lodge Kongsseteren in Oslo), and for several days up until the state funeral, Norway saw a great demonstration of mourning as Norwegians lit hundreds of thousands of candles in the courtyard outside the Royal Palace in Oslo, with letters and cards placed amongst them. The National Archives have preserved all these cards.
Olav's son Harald V succeeded him as King.
Gallery
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 Märtha and Olav on the cover of Time on the occasion of their wedding |
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Honours
Orders and medals
Norway War Cross with sword- Norway Medal for Outstanding Civic Achievement in gold
- Norway Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (later Grand Master)
- Norway Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit (Grand Master)
- Norway St Olav's medal
- Norway Coronation Medal of 1906
- Norway War Medal (Norway)
- Norway Haakon VII's 70th Anniversary Medal
- Norway Haakon VII's Jubilee Medal 1905–1955
Argentina Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
Austria Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Merit.svg.png)
Belgium Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold
Brazil Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Rose
Chile Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Merit of Chile
Denmark Knight of the Elephant- Denmark Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog
- Denmark King Christian X's Freedom Medal
- Denmark Commemorative Medal for King Christian IX's 100th birthday
- Denmark Commemorative Medal for King Frederik VIII's 100th birthday
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Ethiopia Grand Cross of the Order of Solomon
Finland Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose
France Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur- France Croix de guerre
- France Médaille militaire
Germany Grand Cross First Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Great Britain 926th Knight of the Garter- Great Britain Knight of the Thistle[5]
- Great Britain Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
- Great Britain Royal Victorian Chain (Commonwealth Realms)
- Great Britain Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (Commonwealth Realms)
- Great Britain King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
- Great Britain King George VI Coronation Medal
- Great Britain Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
Greece Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer- Greece Grand Cross of the Order of St. George and St. Constantine
- Greece War Cross 1940
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Iran Grand Cross of the Order of Tadj
Iceland Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
Japan Grand Cross of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
Luxembourg Grand Cross of the Order of the Gold Lion
Mexico Grand Cross of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
Netherlands Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion- Netherlands Grand Cross of the Order of the House of Orange
- Netherlands War Cross
- Netherlands Medaille d'Installation Solennelle 1948
Peru Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun
Portugal Grand Cross of the Order of St. Bento d'Aviz.svg.png)
Romania 1st class of the Order of the Star
Saxony Grand Cross of the Ernestine Order (Saxony, Germany)
Spain Collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece- Spain Grand Cross Collar of the Order of Charles III
Sweden Knight of the Seraphim- Sweden King Gustaf V's 70th Anniversary Medal
- Sweden King Gustaf V's 90th Anniversary Medal
Thailand Knight Grand Cross of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao
Tunisia Grand Cross of the Order of Independence
USA Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit
Yugoslavia Order of the Yugoslav Great Star[6]
Other honours
- Norway A 180 000 km² area (Prince Olav Coast) and the Prince Olav Mountains in Antarctica are named in his honour.
- Norway Olav V Land on Svalbard is named in his honour.
- Norway In 1961 the King was a laureate of the Nansen Refugee Award.
- Norway In 1968 he was awarded the Holmenkollen medal.
- Norway In 2005, Olav was proclaimed the Norwegian of the century, with 41 percent of the tele-votes in a popular competition held by NRK.
- United Kingdom Honorary Freeman of Richmond
- United Kingdom - Honorary Freedom of Newcastle upon Tyne[7]
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Prince Olav Harbour on South Georgia is also named in his honour.
United Kingdom In 1959, Olav was granted the honorary rank of air chief marshal in the Royal Air Force.[8]
Ancestors
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| Ancestors of Olav V of Norway | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Titles from birth to death
Styles King Olav bore from birth to death, in chronological order:
- His Highness Prince Alexander of Denmark 1903–1905
- His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Norway 1905–1957
- His Majesty The King of Norway 1957–1991
| Monarchical styles of King Olav V of Norway |
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| Reference style | His Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Majesty |
| Alternative style | Sir |
References
- ↑ Coronation discarded by constitutional amendment in 1908. Olav V instead received the benediction in the Nidaros Cathedral.
- ↑ "Olav to Martha". Time Magazine. 21 January 1929. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732173,00.html. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Article from NRK on the king Featuring a photo of the event and explanatory text (Norwegian). Retrieved 24 November 2006
- ↑ "People". Time Magazine: p. 1. 26 October 1962. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,874532,00.html. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
- ↑ Royal House of Norway web page on King Olav V's decorations (Norwegian) Retrieved 5 October 2007
- ↑ Solholm, Rolleiv (14 November 2008). "King Harald receives honorary title". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (Norway Post). http://www.norwaypost.no/Culture/King-Harald-receives-honorary-title/menu-id-32.html. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
- ↑ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 41815, p. 5791, 11 September 1959. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
External links
- Royal House of Norway
- Royal House of Sweden and Royal House of Norway
- Official Website of the Norwegian Royal Family
- King Olav - biography (Official Website of the Norwegian Royal Family)
- The Royals – Regularly updated news coverage of the Norwegian royal family (Aftenposten)
- The Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav - H.M. King Olav V the former Grand Master of the Order
- Holmenkollen medalists - click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (Norwegian)
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Olav V
House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg
Born: 2 July 1903 Died: 17 January 1991 |
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| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by Wilhelm von Tangen Hansteen |
Chief of Defence of Norway 1944-1945 |
Succeeded by Otto Ruge |
| Regnal titles | ||
| Preceded by Haakon VII |
King of Norway 1957-1991 |
Succeeded by Harald V |
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